Puncture for injection, drainage or aspiration through fontanels, burr holes, cisternal lateral cervical puncture of shunt tubing or reservoirs.
Twist drill, burr holes or trephine
Craniectomy or craniotomies for tumore, evacuation of intracranial blood or aneurysms or lobectomies
Neurostimulators, spinal and intracranial
Repair procedures for depressed skull fractures, exploration of dura and brain, craniotomy for repair of dural or CSF leak, encephaloceles, cranioplasties
Spine and spinal cord procedures: cervial, thoracic, lumbar, laminectomies, laminotomies and diskectomies
Anterior cervial fusions
Posterior lumbar interbody fusion / Anterior lumbar interbody fusion
Peripheral nerve surgery
Use of tongs or application of halo
Intracranial pressure monitoring